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Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States. It combines social liberalism with support for social justice and a mixed economy. American liberal causes include voting rights for minorities, legalized abortion, support for same-sex marriage, and government programs such as education and health care.〔Hugo Helco, in ''The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism'', "In (the 1970s) the American government began telling Americans what they could and could not do with regard to abortions, capital punishment, and bilingual education. The 1970s also brought new and more sweeping national regulations to deal with environmental challenges, consumer protection, workplace safety, gender discrimination, the rights of those with disabilities, and political spending.", p. 58, Sidney M. Milkis & Jerome M. Mileur, editors, University of Massachusetts Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-55849-493-0〕 It has its roots in Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism, Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom, Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, Harry S. Truman's Fair Deal, John F. Kennedy's New Frontier, and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society. Conservatives oppose liberals on most (but not all) issues; the relationship between liberal and progressive is debated.〔The Center for American Progress, "The Progressive Intellectual Tradition in America," ()"〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Trouble With "Progressive" )〕〔Eric Rauchway, "What's The Difference Between Progressives And Liberals?" The New Republic, ()〕〔Michael Lind, "Is it OK to be liberal again, instead of progressive?" Salon, ()〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Naming Names )〕〔Thomas Nagel, ("Progressive but Not Liberal" ), ''The New York Review of Books''〕 Keynesian economic theory has played a central role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals.〔Kevin Boyle, ''The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968'' (1998) p. 152〕 The argument has been that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy, to keep unemployment low, inflation in check, and growth high.〔 John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows:〔Eric Alterman, ''Why We're Liberals: A Political Handbook for Post-Bush America'' (2008) p. 32〕〔Authur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ''A Thousand Days, John F. Kennedy in the White House'', p. 99, Mariner Books, 2002, ISBN 978-0-618-21927-8.〕 Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one Modern American liberals value institutions that defend against economic inequality. In ''The Conscience of a Liberal'' Paul Krugman writes: "I believe in a relatively equal society, supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty. I believe in democracy, civil liberties, and the rule of law. That makes me a liberal, and I'm proud of it." Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II.〔(Moyra Grant, ''Key Ideas in Politics'' (Nelson Thornes, 2003) p 12. )〕〔Andrew Heywood, ''Political Ideologies: An Introduction'' (Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 1998), 93.〕 They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all,〔Larry E. Sullivan. ''The SAGE glossary of the social and behavioral sciences'' (2009) p 291, "This liberalism favors a generous welfare state and a greater measure of social and economic equality. Liberty thus exists when all citizens have access to basic necessities such as education, health care, and economic opportunities."〕 and they champion the protection of the environment.〔John McGowan, ''American Liberalism: An Interpretation for Our Time'' (2007)〕〔Starr P. (March 1, 2007). "War and Liberalism." ''The New Republic''."(【引用サイトリンク】title=Starr, P. (1 March 2007). "War and Liberalism". ''The New Republic''. ) "Liberalism wagers that a state ... can be strong but constrained – strong because constrained. ... Rights to education and other requirements for human development and security aim to advance the opportunity and personal dignity of minorities and to promote a creative and productive society. To guarantee those rights, liberals have supported a wider social and economic role for the state, counterbalanced by more robust guarantees of civil liberties and a wider social system of checks and balances anchored in an independent press and pluralistic society."〕 Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party, as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party.〔Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "More Now See GOP as Very Conservative" (Pew press release September 12, 2011, online )〕 Liberalism is one of the dominant ideologies of the United States, but remains well behind conservatism in popularity among voters. In the 2012 election, 25% of voters who went to the polls identified themselves as ''liberals''. In the November 2014 House elections liberals comprised 23% of the voters, and conservatives 37%.〔"House: Full Results" (''CNN Politics'' )〕 A January 2015 poll by NBC News and ''The Wall Street Journal'' found that 26% of all adults considered themselves either ''very liberal'' or ''somewhat liberal'' compared with 34% who considered themselves either ''very conservative'' or ''somewhat conservative''. Also in the same month, Gallup recorded that ''liberal'' self-identification reached a record high of 24% in their poll. ==21st century issues== In early 21st century political discourse in the United States, liberalism has come to include support for reproductive rights for women, including abortion,〔Dawn E. Johnsen, "A Progressive Reproductive Rights Agenda for 2020," in J. M. Balkin, ed. ''The Constitution in 2020'' (2009) pp. 255-66〕 affirmative action for minority groups historically discriminated against,〔Marc Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, ''American Government: Balancing Democracy and Rights'' (2008) p. 696; Thomas R. Hensley, ''The Rehnquist Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (1986–2001)'' (2006) p. 311〕 multilateralism and support for international institutions,〔Alan Wolfe, ''The Future of Liberalism'' (2010) p. xx〕 support for individual rights over corporate interests,〔Stephen Brooks, ''Understanding American Politics'' (2009) p. 297〕 support for universal health care for Americans (with a "single payer" option), support for gay rights and marriage equality, and opposition to tax cuts for the rich.〔Lawrence R. Jacobs and Theda Skocpol, ''Health Care Reform and American Politics'' (2010) p. 96〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Modern liberalism in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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